Hello everyone in this video, I am going to tell about such a dangerous and smelly element as bromine
Which is an element which can exist in a liquid state under normal conditions
In the periodic table of chemical elements bromine is located in the last but one group of halogens
between chlorine and iodine
That's because from the point of view of its chemical properties bromine is something between iodine and chloride
Such properties of bromine later is discovered in
1825 when two scientists extracted this same element from aqueous solution with the help of chlorine solution
Independently of each other this same experiment can be repeated today
I am using a weak solution of potassium bromide with a small amount of chlorine bleach
Along with hydrochloric acid as a result this reaction produces elemental bromine
Which is why the color of the solution?
changed to pale brown if to add some toluene or
purified petrol the bromine from the aqueous solution rise to the top organic layer because such nonpolar
solvents as toluene dissolve bromine better than water does
however, when this element was discovered scientists in have pure potassium bromide solution
Benzene is a first discoverers of this element used water from local springs
Reach-in bromine ions one liter of this water
Contains up to 60 milligrams of bromine these elements compounds get into water from rocks
Where they are easily washed away by streams of water if water constantly evaporates
Concentration of bromide ions will be gradually growing because of bromine large atomic radius
Which doesn't fit with crystalline degrees of other minerals for instance such as sodium fluoride
That is why nowadays
Most of bro main is extracted from saltwater in the Dead Sea in Israel
or from bronze in the deserts of the United States
Just like 200 years ago today elementary bromine is mostly extracted in
laboratories from Brahmas for instance from the most widespread bromine containing salt potassium bromide to
Extract bromine. I poured 50 grams of sodium bromide into a flask
After that, I proceeded to make an oxidizer in order to oxidize bromine salt in the elementary bromine
I decided to use a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide
Which is also known as perennial solution upon mixing of sulfuric acid with hydrogen peroxide
The liquid hits off. That is why I decided to cool it off in a bowl with ice
After cooling, I poured this extreme mixture into a dropping funnel to better control speed of the reaction
Upon reaction of potassium bromide with a drop of this mixture the flask fills with bromine vapours
Which boil because of the high temperature this reaction produces
Upon adding more liquid bromine stars volatilizing from the flask filling the fume hood with smelly vapors
fortunately, I cut out my experiment using a powerful fume hood because bromine vapors are very toxic and if you
Accidentally breathe in such an orange cloud. You can easily say goodbye to your lungs
Besides the very name of the element bromine is derived from the Greek word BrahMos, which means thinking in reality
Bromine smells like something between iodine and chlorine like chlorine bleach
But it has a sharper smell after this bromine clouds began forming
I noticed that the mixture in the flask was overheating and most of the freshly extracted bromine
Volatilizing in order not to lose the spray shows nonmetal, which I will need for other experiments
I put the flask in Taba with icy water and
Continued adding the oxidation mixture in sometimes they'll condense drops of elemental bromine in the flask
Which either floated of the surface of the liquid or sank to the bottom?
The whole process of extracting bromine took 15 minutes after that. I let the mixture cool down more
Since bromine density is three times the density of water
It's sent to the bottom now
We just need to separate it the mixture still contained left our hydrogen peroxide which is why it formed
Early the toxin bromine wakers as you figured under normal conditions
Bromine is a liquid that is why it was a very easy to separate it from the leftover
reaction mixture with the help of a syringe
Because of the relatively low bullet temperature of 60 degrees Celsius liquid bromine
Quickly evaporates at room temperature filling the flask with the same orange vapor
To me bromine vapors looked very much like nitrogen dioxide
I guess which for instance forms when copper reacts with nitric acid
The only difference is the smell bromine smell is sharper and stronger
However, I think those who constantly compare smells of toxic chemicals
Don't live long as you understood bromine does not dissolved
Well in water instead, it creates bromine water
Which is a mixture of hydrobromic acid and Berber
Ohmic acid with elemental bromine left overs such a solution
Also formed in the left our reaction mixture. It is prohibited to pour such a mixture into a sink
That is why I decided to neutralize it in a 10% alkaline solution, which is sodium hydroxide
the liquid CLO color quickly fades away
Let us get back to our fresh extracted liquid bromine just as all other halogens
This one is a strong oxidizer
as this property of bromine can be demonstrated if we drop a small ball of
aluminum foil into a test tube with one milliliter of bromine the reaction starts in a few seconds and
Is quite active I have conducted many different experiments with different elements
However, this reaction seems to be the most colorful
When the reaction is over what's left is a test tube is
Aluminum bromide and when water is added to it
It breaks down into aluminium hydroxide and hydrogen bromide, which is breaking out of the test
Tube is a form of a thick white smoke
however, generally in laboratories
Bromine is not used for such colorful
Reactions it is most frequently used for organic synthesis
Pure bromine is stored in glass ampules
It seems to me that this ampule is twice my age. However in this form bromine can be stored practically forever
because in a closed container
It can not react with anything such an amp you can easily be opened with a regular pliers
Later, you can feel a medical syringe with it as I mentioned before
Bromine is frequently used in organic chemistry
one of the most classic
Experiments with this nonmetal is a reaction between bromine and aniline which is an oily liquid which smells like burning arising
however
Due to the long storage time, son of aniline is a bottle has oxidized it into an eland black
that is why we decided to purify annalen by distilling it for the reaction with bromide and healing boils at
184 degrees Celsius and to simplify the distillation process
We assembled a device for Wakeham distillation in the laboratory
Liquids air will be flowing under a reduced pressure
We decided to heat the contaminated aniline with a heat gun in order for the liquid in the test tube
Notable to much to make it boil
It's enough to heat it to 86 degrees Celsius because when pressure is reduced the boiling temperature of a liquid
also reduces
Wafers of the pure annealing began rising up towards the condenser after condensation
For your colorless liquid Annalee ready for the reaction with bromine
I also dissolved aniline in water in order for the reaction to run less turbulently
upon adding a drop of bromine to the in solution
There immediately formed the yellowish drip aroma and in sediment is a test tube if we use more annalen than necessary
Reaction will be to turn violent heated the mixture to extremely hot temperatures
but not all reactions between bromine and organic chemicals run as smoothly as a reaction between
bromine and anally for instance such a substance as benzene doesn't react well with
Bromine when benzene and bromine are mixed together almost nothing happens
Benzene doesn't give its electrons to bromine molecules to start the reaction
We need a catalyst which speed up reactions up several hundred times a regular iron powder
Serve as a catalyst in this reaction and immediately starts reacting with bromine forming iron free bromide
This chemical helps bromine molecule rip an electron of carbon atom in the benzene molecule
As a result of this reaction is an extra quickly heats up and starts boiling early in the reaction product bromobenzene
creating a whole cloud of hydrogen bromide
In other top reviews at this history in the hydrogen bromide being released and pushed a stick soaked in ammonia solution
Into the test tube with a reaction mixture when I do this their forms
White ammonium bromide smoke the freshly formed bromobenzene
Contains bromine inclusions and remove the remaining bromine
Inclusions with the help of baking soda as a result as air formed a heavy oily liquid
With an intense almond aroma which is bromobenzene
Which can be used for further organic reactions in the end
I'd like to show a reaction with a bromine compound potassium bromate
Although the substance is a pretty toxic and also cancer genic and in some countries
for instance in the United States
It is used as a food additive to improve the texture of doubt for instance when baking bread
Aoife means this chemical with sugar and add a drop of concentrated sulfuric acid
Is a mixture will self ignite
And we'll be burnin with a bright pink and blue flame
Fortunately, his concentration in bread is really low in order for it to self ignite
However, potassium bromide which forms later on isn't good for health either
The thing is when bromide ions constantly interfere with brain neurons
They tend to slow down nerve impulses transmission
Thus causing some psychological disorders such as psychosis
insomnia and other mental
Confusions fortunately in many countries potassium bromide is not allowed to be used in the food industry. I think
Today you have learned enough about such an interesting element as bromine
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