You could argue that many of today's problems
stem from humanity, as a whole,
failing to remember the Tragedy of the Commons.
And if you want to see a perfect model of that failure in action,
I give you: DayZ.
♪ [Intro Music: "Penguin Cap" by CarboHydroM] ♪
The Tragedy of the Commons is an old economic and ecological theory that says:
when resources are limited,
personal self-interest actually works against itself.
The classic example is common land in England:
There was this patch of land in almost every village that everyone had access to, to graze their cattle on,
And if everyone had put just a few cows out to pasture there, everything would have worked out great!
But, of course it would benefit any given individual more
to have as many of their cows grazing on the Commons as possible,
because then they could use their own land as something more than mere grazing space.
And so due to this short-sighted self-interest,
each individual starts grazing more and more of their cattle on the Commons,
and this quickly depletes the land,
reducing the amount of food left for the cattle to graze on there.
Seeing this, everyone then starts racing to put even more cattle on the land,
because they see that the Commons isn't gonna last much longer.
They gotta get as much out of it as they can,
and of course, this dooms the land for good.
It leaves everybody, even those individuals
who initially got the most benefit out of it,
more screwed than if they had just all figured out a way to use the space equitably,
because now everyone has to graze all of their cattle on their own land.
Admittedly, the Tragedy of the Commons is a super old-timey example,
but, for a more modern one you can't do much better than DayZ.
The default settings for a DayZ island, at least, originally,
had it so that there were plenty of resources for everybody to survive and hold off the zombies.
If everyone just works together and apportions their gear, saving humanity would be no problem.
But, that's never how it actually plays out.
Instead, everyone starts hoarding gear for themselves.
And then when there's not enough gear to go around,
people start fighting over it,
using up all of those precious consumable resources,
like ammunition and healing items.
So now there's even fewer resources,
because they're all getting spent in the fighting,
and people now have to scramble even harder to get equipped
and are even more likely to attack strangers
or raid one another for items in the middle of a zombie apocalypse.
Inevitably this leads to an almost inescapable cycle
where humans fritter away the last remaining tools to survive,
while the zombie hordes close in.
The tragedy of Chernarus.
And if you think about it,
almost every zombie game - and, heck, most apocalyptic fiction - is built around this theme.
This idea that it's so very easy to not see how the common good is
also your personal good in a real, non-abstract way.
Because even if you manage to horde this huge pile of food for yourself
it won't make a difference if someone's just gonna snipe you for it,
or if everyone dies and the zombies overwhelm you.
And, in fact, when we design survival games,
we actually count on this part of human psychology taking over,
at least in the PvP servers.
Most of these games are designed pretty similarly to DayZ,
where the initial seed actually contains plenty of resources for all.
Assuming they were divided well.
But they never are.
So! How can we learn to avoid this?
Well, games are actually pretty great at teaching us to see the long view?
Many games are all about planning for the future.
Even action-oriented games often require you to manage resources.
You don't just use all of your best guns and ammo all the time,
you gotta balance your use of grenades and ammo
so that you have enough when a tough battle comes.
In single-player games,
we've actually learned this lesson really well...
...so it's kind of funny that it goes right out the door as soon as other players come into the equation.
On an intellectual level, we all know that cooperation is smarter.
If DayZ were a top-down zombie apocalypse management sim,
where you could control what everybody was doing,
cooperation would be a given because it would make winning so much easier.
I mean, you don't win Starcraft matches by saying -
"All right Marines, the Zerg are coming, every man for himself"!
But the problem comes down to trust.
As soon as we introduce one other person into the situation,
especially somebody we don't know very well,
all of a sudden, we don't trust them to play fair.
We just assume that they are going to grab all that they can, so we should do the same.
I mean if that's how they are operating, it's the only logical thing to do. Right?
Which, of course, means that as soon as somebody falls prey to that psychological trap,
even if everybody actually was planning on acting in the best interests of the group,
now - everybody's gotta rush to sweep up as many resources as they can before they're all gone.
It causes the exact scenario our paranoia had us so worried about.
So how can we try to bring that long-term view that we've learned from single player games -
- to our multiplayer experiences?
... and also the world.
Well...
Most of the solutions we've found in the real world all have drawbacks.
One is to privatize the resources,
to give the Commons entirely over to individuals or the corporations,
which incentivizes them to make those sectioned off resources sustainable.
After all now they're playing a single-player game
where they control everyone's access to the Commons.
Of course, that generally sacrifices a lot of the benefit of those Commons being a shared resource.
Sure, you'll have a place to graze your cattle forever,
but now instead of it being a free resource
it's only slightly cheaper than just grazing them on your own land.
Another way we manage this in reality is to try to put in rules and punitive measures
to prevent people from taking more than their fair share.
"Yes, anyone can join our DayZ clan, but!
If we see you taking too much
we are going to shoot you, and we are going to feed you to those zombies over there."
But the downside here is that now you gotta dedicate resources to enforcing your rules,
again lowering overall efficiency.
Better successful examples do exist though.
In the real world you can find many examples of small groups, who know each other well and trust each other,
simply agreeing to split the common limited resources in an equitable and sustainable way.
And then everyone sticks to that - either out of trust, or social pressure.
And it feels like there's got to be a way to practice establishing that system in games,
to make ourselves get better at it,
so that we can start implementing such communities in the real world on a small scale...
...and then, maybe, even on a larger scale.
But the other great real-world example is renewable power generation in Germany.
Rather than punishing people for using fossil fuels,
Germany has created incentives for using renewable energy.
They... essentially made investing in renewable energy really easy.
If you put some solar panels on your house,
or if your community gets together to pay for a wind turbine out past the town limits,
it's very easy to plug that energy into the power grid
and basically sell the power it generates the same way a major power plant would.
And as a result, Germany leads the major economic powers in renewable energy...
So much so, that they're phasing out nuclear!
More than that though, half of the renewable energy generation in Germany isn't owned by big corporations -
It's owned by the citizens.
So while renewable energy sources were a little bit more expensive at first?
A lot of people didn't really mind, because they were actually getting paid when people used them!
it seems that the secret to avoiding the self-interest spiral
is in creating mutually beneficial incentive systems.
And, if there is one thing that we are very good at in games,
it's building incentive systems.
But, perhaps the best way is for all of us to practice long term thinking...
...to think about our resources the same way we think about them in games,
and work on making the optimal play.
So the next time you find yourself in a situation where it's really tempting to just -
- go out and grab as much as you can, as fast as you can, before somebody else takes your share?
Remember the tragedy of the Commons.
Remember DayZ.
See you next week!